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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia
- Map references:
- Commonwealth of Independent States - European States
- Area:
- total area:
- 603,700 sq km
- land area:
- 603,700 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly smaller than Texas
- Land boundaries:
- total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428
- km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km,
- Slovakia 90 km
- Coastline:
- 2,782 km
- Maritime claims:
- continental shelf:
- 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
- exclusive economic zone:
- undefined
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern
- Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania;
- this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; potential dispute with Russia over Crimea;
- has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to
- do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
- Climate:
- temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast;
- precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,
- lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to
- cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the
- country, hot in the south
- Terrain:
- most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains
- being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula
- in the extreme south
- Natural resources:
- iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,
- titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 56%
- permanent crops:
- 2%
- meadows and pastures:
- 12%
- forest and woodland:
- 0%
- other:
- 30%
- Irrigated land:
- 26,000 sq km (1990)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Geography
- Environment:
- current issues:
- inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution;
- deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident
- at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
- natural hazards:
- NA
- international agreements:
- party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
- Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Modification, Marine
- Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed,
- but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
- Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
- Note:
- strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest
- country in Europe
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 51,867,828 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 21% (female 5,217,850; male 5,407,450)
- 15-64 years:
- 65% (female 17,563,924; male 16,334,299)
- 65 years and over:
- 14% (female 4,976,893; male 2,367,412) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 0.04% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 12.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 12.67 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 70.11 years
- male:
- 65.59 years
- female:
- 74.87 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Ukrainian(s)
- adjective:
- Ukrainian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
- Religions:
- Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev
- Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate),
- Protestant, Jewish
- Languages:
- Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1989)
- total population:
- 98%
- male:
- 100%
- female:
- 97%
- Labor force:
- 23.55 million (January 1994)
- by occupation:
- industry and construction 33%, agriculture and forestry 21%, health,
- education, and culture 16%, trade and distribution 7%, transport and
- communication 7%, other 16% (1992)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- none
- conventional short form:
- Ukraine
- local long form:
- none
- local short form:
- Ukrayina
- former:
- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Digraph:
- UP
- Type:
- republic
- Capital:
- Kiev (Kyyiv)
- Administrative divisions:
- 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya
- respublika), and 2 municipalites (mista, singular - misto) with oblast
- status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka
- (Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k),
- Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), Khersons'ka
- (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad),
- Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv),
- Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika
- Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka
- (Sevastopol'), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka
- (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka
- (Zhytomyr)
- note:
- names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from
- oblast' name
- Independence:
- 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)
- National holiday:
- Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
- Constitution:
- using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new constitution currently being
- drafted
- Legal system:
- based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994); election last held 26 June
- and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%,
- Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06%
- head of government:
- Acting Prime Minister Yeuben MARCHUK (since 3 March 1995); First Deputy
- Prime Ministers Yevhen MARCHUK and Viktor PYNZENYK (since 31 October 1994)
- and six deputy prime ministers
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme
- Council
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Government
- National Security Council:
- originally created in 1992, but signficantly revamped and strengthened under
- President KUCHMA; members include the president, prime minister, Ministers
- of Finance, Environment, Justice, Internal Affairs, Foreign Economic
- Relations, Economic and Foreign Affairs; the NSC staff is tasked with
- developing national security policy on domestic and international matters
- and advising the president
- Presidential Administration:
- helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president
- Council of Regions:
- advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994; includes the
- Chairmen of Oblast and Kiev and Sevastopol City Supreme Councils
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral
- Supreme Council:
- elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeat elections continuing through
- December 1998 to fill empty seats (next to be held NA); results - percent of
- vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18,
- Socialists 15, Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor
- 5, Party of Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, Civil
- Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival of Crimea
- 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - 405 deputies have been
- elected; run-off elections for the remaining 45 seats to be held by December
- 1998
- Judicial branch:
- joint commission formed in April 1995 to define a program of judicial reform
- by year-end
- Political parties and leaders:
- Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine;
- Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman;
- Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY, chairman;
- People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, chairman; Peasants' Party
- of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVHRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival)
- of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine,
- Yuriy VUZDUHAN, chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ,
- chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY,
- chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA, chairman;
- Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK, chairman; Ukrainian Party of
- Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party,
- Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN',
- chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV, chairman;
- Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL,
- chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO; Agrarian Party;
- Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, S. STESTKO; Civil Congress, O. BAZYLUK;
- Party of Economic Revival of Crimea; Democratic Party Of Ukraine, Serhiy
- DOVMAN', chairman
- Other political or pressure groups:
- New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces
- Member of:
- BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), CEI (associate members), CIS, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD,
- ICAO, ICRM, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user),
- INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
- UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Yuriy SHCHERBAK
- chancery:
- 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 333-0606
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Government
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 333-0817
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago and New York
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador William Green MILLER
- embassy:
- 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53
- mailing address:
- use embassy street address
- telephone:
- [7] (044) 244-73-49, 244-37-45
- FAX:
- [7] (044) 244-73-50
- Flag:
- two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent
- grainfields under a blue sky
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important
- economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing more than three
- times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil
- generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms
- provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to
- other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment
- and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the
- former USSR. In early 1992, the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices
- and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance
- to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform
- efforts and led to some backtracking. Loose monetary and fiscal policies
- pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Greater monetary
- and fiscal restraint lowered inflation in 1994, but also contributed to an
- accelerated decline in industrial output. Since his election in July 1994,
- President KUCHMA has developed - and parliament has approved - a
- comprehensive economic reform program, maintained financial discipline, and
- reduced state controls over prices, the exchange rate, and foreign trade.
- Implementation of KUCHMA's economic agenda will encounter considerable
- resistance from parliament, entrenched bureaucrats, and industrial interests
- and will contribute to further declines in output and rising unemployment
- which will sorely test the government's ability to stay the course on reform
- in 1995.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $189.2 billion (1994 estimate as
- extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
- National product real growth rate:
- -19% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $3,650 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 14% per month (1994)
- Unemployment rate:
- 0.4% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed
- workers
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $NA
- expenditures:
- $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
- Exports:
- $11.8 billion (1994)
- commodities:
- coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery
- and transport equipment, grain, meat
- partners:
- FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland
- Imports:
- $14.2 billion (1994)
- commodities:
- energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles
- partners:
- FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic
- External debt:
- $7.5 billion (yearend 1994)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate -28% (1994 est.); accounts for 50% of GDP
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Economy
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 54,380,000 kW
- production:
- 182 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 3,200 kWh (1994)
- Industries:
- coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport
- equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)
- Agriculture:
- accounts for about 25% of GDP; grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption;
- limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for
- illicit drugs to Western Europe
- Economic aid:
- $550 million economic aid and $350 million to help disassemble the atomic
- weapons from the US in 1994
- Currency:
- Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and
- declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian
- markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward
- introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in mid-1995
- Exchange rates:
- karbovantsi per 1$US - 107,900 (end December 1994), 130,000 (April 1994)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 23,350 km
- broad gauge:
- 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)
- Highways:
- total:
- 273,700 km
- paved and graveled:
- 236,400 km
- unpaved:
- earth 37,300 km
- Inland waterways:
- 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pryp''yat' and Dnipro Rivers)
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 2,010 km; petroleum products 1,920 km; natural gas 7,800 km (1992)
- Ports:
- Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyyiv), Mariupol',
- Mykolayiv, Odesa, Pivdenne, Reni
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 379 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,799,253 GRT/5,071,175 DWT
- ships by type:
- barge carrier 7, bulk 55, cargo 221, chemical tanker 2, container 20,
- multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 10, passenger 12,
- passenger-cargo 5, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off
- cargo 32, short-sea passenger 7
- Airports:
- total:
- 706
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 14
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 55
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 34
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 3
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 57
- with unpaved runways over 3,047 m:
- 7
- with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 7
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 16
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 37
- with unpaved runways under 914 m:
- 476
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 7,886,000 telephone circuits; about 151.4 telephone circuits/1,000 persons
- (1991); the telephone system is inadequate both for business and for
- personal use; 3.56 million applications for telephones had not been
- satisfied as of January 1991; electronic mail services have been established
- in Kiev, Odesa, and Luhans'k by Sprint
- local:
- an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network operates in Kiev (Kyyiv) and
- allows direct dialing of international calls through Kiev's EWSD digital
- exchange
- intercity:
- NA
- international:
- calls to other CIS countries are carried by land line or microwave; other
- international calls to 167 countries are carried by satellite or by the 150
- leased lines through the Moscow gateway switch; INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and
- Intersputnik earth stations
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
- radios:
- 15 million
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- NA
- televisions:
- 20 million
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Ukraine
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal
- and border troops), National Guard
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 12,324,832; males fit for military service 9,667,642; males
- reach military age (18) annually 359,546 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- 544.3 billion karbovantsi, less than 4% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note -
- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
- exchange rate could produce misleading results
-